Note Making
Make Notes for the following exercises - Page 173
1. Photosynthesis is the process by which chlorophyll-containing organisms – green plants and algae – capture energy in the form of light and convert it to chemical energy. Almost all the energy available for life in the earth’s biosphere – the zone in which life can exist – is made available through photosynthesis.
In the first stage of photosynthesis, chlorophyll absorbs sunlight. Chlorophyll is the green substance in leaves, which is able to trap the energy of sunlight and use it in the process of making carbohydrates.
Within the leaf, there is a small amount of water. The energy, which the chlorophyll has trapped of the sun, is used to split the water in the leaf into hydrogen and oxygen. Most of the oxygen is released into the air.
In the second stage, the chlorophyll uses the energy absorbed from sunlight to combine the hydrogen (which is obtained by splitting the water) with carbon dioxide (which the leaf obtained from the air). Then, after several complicated changes, the hydrogen and the carbon dioxide are combined in such a way that a carbohydrate is produced. This carbohydrate is called glucose. Later, using glucose as its most important building material, the plant can make substances called amino acids and proteins. These chemicals are needed for the growth of both plants and animals.
Something else happens during photosynthesis that is of the greatest importance to us. A constant supply of oxygen is released into the air by plants. At the same time, carbon dioxide, which would poison us if we breathed too much of it, is nearly all used up.
Photosynthesis is one of the most important chemical processes in the world. This is because it is the primary method of food manufacture, and the primary method of oxygen manufacture. (Adapted from Funk and Wagnall’s New Encyclopedia)
In intensive reading, the pupils pay attention to almost all aspects of language. And further the effort of learning the language is supplemented by extensive reading. Extensive readers should be interesting stories. Magazines, newspapers and variety of story books will form the material for extensive reader. The two main themes of extensive reading are reading for pleasure and reading for information. Extensive readers facilitate passive vocabulary in the learners. And it also consolidates active vocabulary. So, the teachers.should regularly give some assignment and thus forcing the students to library. Sending the students to library can be done as a means of assertive punishment also. As the students read more and more books, their power of phonic analysis improves and makes the learner to pronounce any word that he sees for the first time. Group discussion also can be done on extensive reader.
3. Language that we use keeps the human being in an exalted position when compared to other living things. Language is needed for all the people irrespective of their status. And, it is used from our birth till death. Language is a means of communication. We use the language as a medium through which thoughts are conveyed from person to person. It is considered a means of social control. No society can function without language. Language is part and parcel of our life. We cannot imagine a society without language. If no language, then the progress of mankind will be blocked. We will be deprived all the niceties of life that we enjoy now. Habit formation is necessary for language learning and using. Learning a language involves.establishing the links between the language forms and their meanings. The process of establishing the link between the forms and meanings are three, namely, (i) the form, (ii) the meaning and (iii) their association.
In speaking, the speaker associates the exact form with the meaning that he knows, and in understanding he associates the meaning with the form he learned from others. The speaker of the language is conscious of the words he uses and form meaningful sentences that can make the listener understand. All the time the speaker adjusts the sounds to meaningful words and words to meaningful sentences. Language has three functions. The first one is the informative function, where information is communicated. The second function of the language is expressive, where we express our feelings, emotions and our opinions. The third function of the language is directive, where we teach others, give advice etc. So, for meaningful life we require language.
Importance of Language
Means of communication
Conveys thoughts and ideas
Used by all people
Needed from birth to death
Part and parcel of life
Means of social control
Necessary for society
Helps human progress
Makes civilized life possible
Language Learning
Habit formation necessary
Learning forms and meanings
Association between words and meanings
Development of speaking skills
Development of understanding skills
Elements of Language Learning
Form
Meaning
Association
Speaking and Understanding
Use of meaningful words
Formation of meaningful sentences
Speaker–listener connection
Adjustment of sounds into words
Adjustment of words into sentences
Functions of Language
Informative Function
Giving information
Sharing knowledge
Expressive Function
Expressing feelings
Expressing emotions
Expressing opinions
Directive Function
Giving advice
Teaching others
Guiding people
Conclusion
Essential for meaningful life
Important for social life
Necessary for human development
Foundation of communication
4. Body shaming is a harmful behaviour where people criticize others based on their physical appearance. This includes making negative comments about someone’s weight, height, skin colour, or other physical traits.
Body shaming can take many forms such as: weight-based shaming: This is one of the most common forms, where people are criticized for being “too fat” or “too thin.” People often comment on someone’s weight without realizing how hurtful it can be. Comments like “Why are you so fat?” or “You look like a stick” are examples of weight-based shaming. Skin Colour Shaming: India has a deep-rooted issue with colourism, where people are judged for having darker skin tones, with people often making comments like “You’ll look better if you lighten your skin.” This type of shaming is not only hurtful but also promotes a harmful preference for fair skin over darker skin. Height Shaming: Tall or short, people can face body shaming based on their height. Comments like “Why are you so short?” or “Do you play basketball because you’re tall?” may seem innocent but can make teenagers feel out of place or self-conscious about their height. Face and Features Shaming: Teenagers often face comments about their facial features, such as nose shape, jawline, or even acne. Remarks like “Your nose is too big” or “Why do you have so many pimples?” can deeply affect a teenager’s self-confidence.
Social media often promotes unrealistic beauty standards, making young people feel that they must look a certain way to be accepted. Influencers and celebrities post edited pictures that show only their “perfect” sides, leading teenagers to feel pressured to look the same. Unfortunately, this creates a cycle where teenagers compare themselves to these impossible standards and feel inferior when they cannot match them. Moreover, trolls and cyberbullies on social media leave hurtful comments on people’s pictures, furthering body shaming.
Movies often show heroes and heroines with fair skin, slim bodies, and certain “ideal” features. Characters who don’t fit these standards are often cast as sidekicks, comedians, or villains, indirectly telling theaudience that only certain looks are acceptable for “good” or “successful” people. This sets a high and unrealistic standard for teenagers, who may feel pressured to look like these stars. Some might even resort to extreme diets, over-exercising, or skin-lightening treatments to match these unrealistic standards. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_shaming)
Meaning of Body Shaming
Criticizing physical appearance
Negative comments on looks
Harmful behaviour
Affects self-confidence
Types of Body Shaming
Weight-Based Shaming
“Too fat” comments
“Too thin” comments
Hurtful remarks on body size
Skin Colour Shaming
Preference for fair skin
Judging darker skin tones
Colourism in society
Height Shaming
Comments on short height
Comments on tall height
Feeling self-conscious
Face and Features Shaming
Remarks on nose shape
Comments on acne or pimples
Criticism of facial features
Role of Social Media
Unrealistic beauty standards
Edited pictures of celebrities
Comparison with others
Pressure to look “perfect”
Cyberbullying and trolling
Role of Movies
Fair and slim heroes/heroines
Unrealistic “ideal” looks
Stereotyping of characters
Pressure on teenagers
Effects of Body Shaming
Low self-esteem
Inferiority feelings
Mental stress
Extreme dieting
Over-exercising
Skin-lightening treatments
Conclusion
Body shaming is harmful
Everyone deserves respect
Natural appearance should be accepted
Positive body image is important
5. The healthy eating plate is a guide to eating balanced meals, especially for individuals with diabetes. It emphasizes portion control across three main food groups and advises limiting food intake if overweight.
To create a healthy plate, start with a small plate or bowl about the size of your outstretched hand:
Vegetables: Fill half your plate with a variety of vegetables, either cooked or raw. Include vegetables of different colors to ensure a range of nutrients. Avoid counting tubers like potatoes as vegetables, as they are starches that can raise blood sugar levels significantly.
Starches: Reserve one-quarter of your plate for.whole grains and healthy starches, which contain fiber and have a milder effect on blood sugar than refined starches like white rice, bread, or pasta. If refined starches are preferred, consume them in smaller portions.
Protein: Use the remaining quarter for lean protein sources such as beans, nuts, yogurt, fish, eggs, and poultry. These can be eaten alone or incorporated into dishes like soups, salads, and stews. Red meat should be eaten rarely, if at all.
Additionally: Use healthy oils, such as sunflower or safflower oil, while avoiding processed oils like margarine or vegetable shortening. For beverages, plain water is best. Coffee or tea without sugar is acceptable. Avoid sugary drinks entirely, and limit fruit juice, as it can rapidly raise blood sugar. Whole fruits with natural fiber are a better alternative. Eating slowly, appreciating food, and stopping when satisfied rather than full are also essential habits. Some people find that replacing starcheswith proteins and vegetables aids in weight loss and stabilizes blood sugar levels. Hence, use a small plate and divide it as follows: half for vegetables, a quarter for protein, and a quarter for healthy starches. (Source: https://youtu.be/t4WdZLuwCdU?si=Cy5l8Y_3Dlqp8ew6)
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Healthy Eating Plate | Guide for balanced meals, especially for people with diabetes |
| Plate Size | Small plate or bowl about the size of an outstretched hand |
| Vegetables | Half of the plate |
| Vegetable Tips | Include cooked/raw vegetables of different colours |
| Avoid | Tubers like potatoes as they raise blood sugar |
| Starches | One-quarter of the plate |
| Healthy Starches | Whole grains and fiber-rich foods |
| Refined Starches | White rice, bread, pasta – consume less |
| Protein | One-quarter of the plate |
| Healthy Protein Sources | Beans, nuts, yogurt, fish, eggs, poultry |
| Red Meat | Eat rarely or avoid |
| Healthy Oils | Sunflower oil, safflower oil |
| Oils to Avoid | Margarine, vegetable shortening |
| Best Beverage | Plain water |
| Acceptable Drinks | Tea or coffee without sugar |
| Drinks to Avoid | Sugary drinks and excess fruit juice |
| Better Fruit Choice | Whole fruits with natural fiber |
| Healthy Eating Habits | Eat slowly and stop when satisfied |
| Benefits | Weight loss and stable blood sugar levels |
6. Nature is a master storyteller, and nowhere is this more evident than in the changing seasons. Among all seasons, Summer and Winter stand at opposite ends of the spectrum, each bringing its own unique charm, character, and experiences. Together they shape our daily lives, habits, moods, and even our relationships with family and friends.
Summer is a season of warmth, energy, and abundance. Long sunny days fill the world with golden light, and temperatures rise to levels perfect for outdoor activities. Children play freely in parks, families head to beaches and swimming pools, and the air is filled with laughter and excitement. It is the season of barbecues, picnics, and evening gatherings under the open sky. Nature generously offers an abundance of fresh fruits during summer — juicy berries, sweet melons, mangoes, and peaches refresh both body and spirit. People dress lightly in cotton and bright colours, reflecting the cheerful mood of the season. Schools remain closed, making summer the most awaited time for students to relax, travel, and explore new experiences.
Winter, in contrast, wraps the world in a quiet, peaceful stillness. Cold temperatures, shorter daylight hours, and snowfall in many regions transform the landscape into a silver wonderland. Outdoor life slows down considerably as people seek warmth indoors. Families gather around fireplaces, sharing hot drinks like tea, coffee, and soups. Cozy sweaters, blankets, and warm clothing become daily companions. Indoor activities like reading, board games, cooking, and storytelling bring families closer together. Winter festivals and celebrations add colour and warmth to the cold months.
Despite their differences, both seasons share something beautiful and universal — they offer precious time for families to bond, for individuals to relax, and for loved ones to create memories that last a lifetime.
Comparison Table – Summer and Winter
| Aspect | Summer | Winter |
|---|---|---|
| Weather | Warm and sunny | Cold and snowy |
| Days | Long days | Short days |
| Outdoor Activities | Picnics, swimming, travel | Limited outdoor activities |
| Clothing | Light cotton clothes | Sweaters and blankets |
| Food & Drinks | Fruits, cold drinks | Soups, tea, coffee |
| Family Time | Vacations and outings | Indoor gatherings |
| Mood | Energetic and cheerful | Calm and peaceful |
| Special Features | Beaches, parks, holidays | Fireplaces, winter festivals |
Family bonding
Relaxation
Fun activities
Happy memories
Time with loved ones
Conclusion
Summer → warmth, energy, adventure
Winter → peace, comfort, togetherness
Both seasons enrich human life in different ways.
7. The First Industrial Revolution kicked off in Britain in the late 1700s, powered by the invention of the steam engine and the mechanization of textile production. Imagine a world where everything is done by hand—then, suddenly, machines begin to take over. This era brought the birth of factories, and people from rural areas moved to cities, hoping to find work in these newly constructed industrial hubs. The
Industrial Revolution fundamentally altered the way people lived and worked, making products available.at unprecedented scales. Building on steam power, the Second Industrial Revolution was marked by the rise of electricity, steel, and chemical industries. This is the era that saw the birth of modern mass production. Thanks to inventions like the electric light bulb, telegraph and telephone the Second Industrial Revolution sped up urbanization and reshaped entire economies.
The Third Industrial Revolution, often referred to as the Digital Revolution, began in the latter half of the 20th century. This revolution was powered by computers, internet technology, and automation. The world became “smaller,” as the internet connected people, information, and services across the globe in an instant. The Third Industrial Revolution changed how we work, communicate, and live, creating the digital age and laying the foundation for our current tech-driven world.
We are currently in the midst of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, where the fusion of physical, digital, and biological systems is transforming the world even faster. AI, machine learning, 5G networks, biotechnology, and blockchain are at the heart of this revolution, making technologies smarter and more interconnected.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is marked by rapid changes that promise to reshape industries, redefine jobs, and even challenge our notions of what it means to be human. (Source: https://ied.eu/projectupdates/the-4-industrial-revolutions/)
First Industrial Revolution
Late 1700s
Began in Britain
Steam engine
Textile mechanization
Rise of factories
Rural to urban migration
Mass production
Second Industrial Revolution
Electricity and steel
Chemical industries
Modern mass production
Electric bulb
Telegraph and telephone
Rapid urbanization
Economic transformation
Digital Revolution
Computers and internet
Automation
Global connectivity
Digital communication
Tech-driven society
Fourth Industrial Revolution
Present era
AI and machine learning
5G networks
Biotechnology
Blockchain technology
Smart interconnected systems
Rapid industrial change
Redefinition of jobs and society
Each revolution changed human life
Growth in technology and industries
Faster communication and production
Increasing connection between people and machines
8. Civic sense refers to the sense of responsibility that every citizen feels towards the society and the public spaces they share with others. It is the awareness that one’s actions affect not just oneself but the entire community. A person with good civic sense respects public property, follows traffic rules, keeps surroundings clean, and behaves in a manner that promotes the well-being of all. Unfortunately, civic sense remains one of the most neglected values in Indian society today, despite rapid economic and technological progress.
The absence of civic sense is visible everywhere around us. People litter roads and public places without hesitation. Garbage is dumped in open spaces and water bodies, causing severe pollution. Traffic rules are violated openly, leading to accidents and chaos on roads. Public property such as benches, walls, and transport facilities are damaged carelessly. Noise pollution is created through unnecessary use of loudspeakers and vehicle horns. All these actions collectively degrade the quality of life for every citizen.
The root cause of poor civic sense lies in inadequate education and upbringing. Children who are not taught the importance of social responsibility from an early age grow into adults who are indifferent to public welfare. Schools, families, and communities all share the responsibility of nurturing civic values in young minds.
Several steps can be taken to improve civic sense among citizens. Civic education must be made a compulsory part of school curriculum. Awareness campaigns through media, street plays, and community programmes can bring about attitudinal change. Strict enforcement of laws related to littering, traffic violations, and public property damage will create accountability. Most importantly, every citizen must realize that a clean, orderly, and harmonious society begins with their own individual behaviour.
A nation truly progresses when its citizens take pride in both their rights and their responsibilities.
Sense of responsibility
Respect for society
Care for public spaces
Awareness of community welfare
Qualities of Good Civic Sense
Respect public property
Follow traffic rules
Keep surroundings clean
Promote social well-being
Littering roads and public places
Dumping garbage openly
Pollution of water bodies
Traffic rule violations
Damage to public property
Noise pollution
Poor quality of life
Causes
Lack of proper education
Poor upbringing
Absence of social responsibility
Lack of civic awareness
Measures to Improve Civic Sense
Civic education in schools
Awareness campaigns
Media and community programmes
Strict law enforcement
Individual responsibility
Rights and responsibilities equally important
Clean and harmonious society
Civic sense leads to national progress
9. Unified Payments Interface (UPI) and other digital payment tools have changed how we pay for groceries, tuition fees, cab rides, and even street-side tea. The biggest advantage is speed: money moves instantly, twenty-four hours a day, with a simple scan of a QR code or a tap on a contact. Because transaction histories are stored in apps, it’s easier to track expenses, split bills with friends, and budget weekly pocket money. Digital payments also reduce the need to carry cash, lower the risk of loss or theft, and help small shops accept money without card machines. Cashback offers, automatic bill reminders, and linking to savings accounts can nudge better money habits. However, convenience comes with responsibilities. Fraudsters rely on urgency, confusion, and trust. No legitimate service asks you to enter a PIN to receive money; payment PINs are only for sending. Never share OTPs, screen-share with strangers, or click shortened links that ask for banking details. Keep SIM cards locked with a PIN; a SIM-swap can hijack accounts. Always verify the merchant name that appears before you confirm a transfer, and prefer your saved “trusted” payees for large amounts. On borrowed or public phones, avoid logging into payment apps. Turn on app-level biometrics and enable instant transaction alerts through SMS and email.
For everyday discipline, set a monthly digital spending cap and review the passbook view every Sunday.Reconcile small autopay subscriptions that you no longer use. Update KYC only inside the official app or website, not via links from messages. When a payment fails, wait for the reversal instead of trying repeatedly.
Finally, remember that digital trails matter: they help resolve disputes but also reflect your habits. Treat your financial data like your front-door key—guard it, label it, and use it carefully.
Advantages of Digital Payments
Instant money transfer
24/7 transactions
QR code payments
Easy expense tracking
Bill splitting
Budget management
Less need for cash
Reduced theft risk
Useful for small shops
Cashback offers
Automatic bill reminders
Safety Measures
Never share OTPs
Never share PINs
Avoid suspicious links
Do not screen-share with strangers
Lock SIM with PIN
Verify merchant name
Use trusted payees
Avoid public phones
Enable biometrics
Turn on transaction alerts
Good Digital Habits
Set spending limits
Review passbook regularly
Cancel unused subscriptions
Update KYC only in official apps
Wait for reversal after failed payment
Risks
Online fraud
SIM-swap attacks
Data misuse
Unsafe links and scams
Conclusion
Digital payments are convenient
Financial data must be protected
Responsible usage ensures safety
10. Social media helps us learn, connect, and express opinions, but it also spreads rumours faster than facts. Misinformation thrives on four ingredients: speed, emotion, novelty, and gaps in our knowledge. Posts that provoke outrage or fear are shared quickly, while corrections arrive late. To protect yourself, slow down at the moment of emotion. Ask: Who benefits if I believe this? Does the claim have a date, location, and source I can verify? Screenshots without links, cropped images, and voice notes with anonymous “insiders”deserve extra scepticism.
Simple verification steps go a long way. Search a key sentence in quotes to see if credible news outlets have reported it. Check the account’s history: is it new, posting only extreme content, or using stolen profile pictures? Look for hallmarks of manipulation—mismatched shadows in images, unusual blinking orteeth in videos, or audio that does not match lip movement. When a claim involves health, law, or finance, prioritise official sources and expert bodies over influencer opinions.
Being a responsible user means not amplifying doubtful material. If a forward feels urgent, it’s a red flag.
Add friction: wait ten minutes; often the urge passes. When you do share, include the source and date so others can judge reliability. In groups, set norms: “No forwards without links,” or a weekly slot for factchecks. Schools and families can run short workshops on confirmation bias—how we favour information that supports what we already believe.
Finally, remember that silence can be strength. You don’t have to comment on every issue to be informed.
Curate your feed: follow a few quality sources instead of dozens of noisy ones, and use platform tools to report harmful content. Digital citizenship is not just about freedom to post; it is about discipline to verify,contextualise, and, when needed, refrain.
Role of Social Media
Learning and communication
Sharing opinions
Fast spread of information
Rapid spread of rumours
Causes of Misinformation
Speed
Emotion
Novelty
Lack of knowledge
Warning Signs
Outrage or fear-based posts
Screenshots without links
Cropped images
Anonymous voice notes
Urgent forwards
Verification Steps
Check source and date
Search key sentences online
Verify account history
Look for fake images/videos
Use official sources for health, law, and finance
Responsible Social Media Use
Avoid sharing doubtful content
Wait before forwarding
Share source and date
Encourage fact-checking
Report harmful content
Digital Citizenship
Verify information
Think before posting
Avoid unnecessary comments
Follow reliable sources
Use social media responsibly
Conclusion
Social media can inform or mislead
Careful verification is important
Responsible users prevent misinformation
11. Disasters turn hazards into human loss when exposure and vulnerability are high. India faces cyclones, floods, earthquakes, droughts, heatwaves, and landslides. The Disaster Management Cycle emphasisescontinuous action across four phases: mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Mitigation reduces risk before events: land-use zoning, coastal embankments, retrofitting schools and hospitals, enforcing building codes in seismic zones, restoring wetlands and mangroves, and risk-informed infrastructure. Preparedness builds capacity: hazard mapping, early-warning systems (IMD, INCOIS), stockpiling relief, drills in schools, mock exercises with NDRF/SDRF, community task forces, and public awareness on evacuation routes and first aid. Response activates when alerts escalate: Incident Command Systems coordinate search, rescue, and relief; evacuation shelters provide water, sanitation, and healthservices; special attention goes to elderly, children, and persons with disabilities; and rapid needs assessments guide resource deployment. Recovery begins as waters recede or tremors stop: debris clearance, damage assessments, cash and livelihood assistance, rebuilding homes with “build back better” standards, restoring services (power, roads, telecom), and psychosocial support. Post-disaster reviews capture lessons for policy and budgets. Linking the phases creates resilience: mitigation lowers impact, preparedness speeds response, effective response shortens recovery, and recovery invests in better mitigation. Communities are strongest when local knowledge, science, and governance align.
Types of Disasters
Cyclones
Floods
Earthquakes
Droughts
Heatwaves
Landslides
Disaster Management Cycle
1. Mitigation
Risk reduction
Land-use zoning
Coastal embankments
Building codes
Retrofitting schools and hospitals
Wetland and mangrove restoration
Safe infrastructure
2. Preparedness
Hazard mapping
Early-warning systems
Relief stockpiling
School drills
Mock exercises
Community task forces
Public awareness
First aid training
3. Response
Search and rescue
Evacuation shelters
Water and sanitation
Health services
Protection of vulnerable groups
Resource deployment
4. Recovery
Debris clearance
Damage assessment
Livelihood support
Rebuilding homes
Restoring services
Psychosocial support
Policy improvements
Importance of Disaster Management
Reduces losses
Builds resilience
Speeds recovery
Improves future preparedness
Combines science, governance, and community knowledge
12. All living organisms are composed of cells, the fundamental units of life. However, not all cells are structured the same way. Based on their internal complexity, all cells fall into one of two major categories: prokaryoticor eukaryotic.
Despite their differences, both cell types share some essential components that are necessary for life.
Every cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane, which acts as a selective barrier between the cell’s interior and the outside world. Inside the membrane is the cytoplasm, a jelly-like substance that fills the cell. Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes use DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) as their genetic blueprint to store information. They also both contain ribosomes, which are tiny structures responsible for building proteins according to the instructions from the DNA.
The primary distinction between the two lies in their internal organization. Prokaryotic cells, found in organisms like bacteria and archaea, are structurally simpler and typically smaller. Their most defining feature is the absence of a nucleus. Instead, their genetic material, a single circular chromosome, is located in a region of the cytoplasm called the nucleoid. Prokaryotic cells also lack other membrane-bound organelles, meaning their internal components are not separated into compartments.
In contrast, eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex. These cells, which make up all other forms of life including plants, animals, fungi, and protists, have a true nucleus. This membrane-enclosed organelle houses the cell’s DNA, keeping it separate from the rest of the cytoplasm. Furthermore, eukaryotic cells contain a variety of other specialized, membrane-bound organelles, such as the mitochondria for energy production, the endoplasmic reticulum for processing proteins and lipids, and the Golgi apparatus for packaging and transport.
Comparison Table: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
| Aspect | Prokaryotic Cells | Eukaryotic Cells |
|---|---|---|
Definition | Simple and small cells | Complex and larger cells |
Organisms | Bacteria and archaea | Plants, animals, fungi, protists |
Nucleus | Absent | Present |
DNA Location | Nucleoid region | Inside nucleus |
Chromosome Type | Single circular chromosome | Multiple linear chromosomes |
Membrane-bound Organelles | Absent | Present |
Internal Organization | Simple | Highly organized |
Ribosomes | Present | Present |
Plasma Membrane | Present | Present |
Cytoplasm | Present | Present |
Examples of Organelles | None | Mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus |
Similarities Between Both Cells
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
Basic unit of life
Prokaryotes → No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotes → True nucleus and specialized organelles
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